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Sains Malaysiana 55(5)(2026): 812-824
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5505-04
Salicylic Acid-Induced Astaxanthin Accumulation in Mixed Culture of Nannochloropsis oculata and Arthrospira platensis Cultivated in
Tofu Wastewater
(Pengumpulan Astaxantin Teraruh
Asid Salisilik dalam Kultur Campuran Nannochloropsis oculata dan Arthrospira
platensis yang Dikultur dalam Air Sisa Tauhu)
TAUFIK TAUFIKURAHMAN1,*, RUTH
YOHANNA BANJARNAHOR1, LILI MELANI1, SITI ROZAIMAH SHEIKH
ABDULLAH2, ERI SAHABUDIN3, DIAN NOVERITA WIDYANINGRUM3 & HANI SUSANTI3
1School of Life Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of
Technology, Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3Research Center for
Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), The
Soekarno Science & Technology Park, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
Diserahkan: 11 Februari 2026/Diterima: 6 Mei 2026
Abstract
Astaxanthin
is a significant ketocarotenoid with health benefits, and its use is widely
celebrated in nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and aquaculture. Increasing customer
demand is driven by concerns over synthetic alternatives and naturally
occurring astaxanthins have been greatly marketed, prompting attempts to
improve their biological production. In addition to the literature that has
been previously explored, we developed a culture of the Nannochloropsis oculata and Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) under open raceway pond (55 L working volume).
We used tofu wastewater as growth medium and evaluated salicylic acid (SA)
reaction effect as the elicitor. Three concentrations of SA (0, 20, and 200 µM)
were tested. Growth rate (0.66 d⁻¹), biomass yield (1.33 g L⁻¹),
biomass productivity (0.14 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹), and chlorophyll-a content (7.03 mg L⁻¹) was highest after adding 20 µM of SA. This
treatment also obtained the highest astaxanthin content (0.11 mg g⁻¹ dry
biomass), with a 1.88-fold increase over the control. A higher SA concentration
(200 µM) did not further improve biomass or astaxanthin accumulation. The
results indicate that moderate SA will increase astaxanthin production in mixed
microalgal cultures. Moreover, the application of tofu wastewater forms a sustainable
mode of biowaste valorization and is cost-effective to carry out large-scale
cultivation. Overall, this strategy is a prospective approach for developing
natural astaxanthin under open cultivation.
Keywords: Mixed culture; open raceway pond; salicylic acid; Spirulina; tofu
wastewater
Abstrak
Astaxantin adalah ketokarotenoid yang penting dengan manfaat kesihatan dan penggunaannya diraikan secara meluas dalam nutraseutikal, kosmetik dan akuakultur. Permintaan pelanggan yang semakin meningkat didorong oleh kebimbangan terhadap sintetik alternatif dan astaxantin yang berlaku secara semula jadi telah dipasarkan dengan meluas, mendorong usaha untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran biologi mereka. Selain daripada kepustakaan yang telah diterokai sebelum ini, kami telah membangunkan kultur Nannochloropsis oculata dan Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina)
di bawah kolam palung terbuka (55 L isi padu kerja).
Kami menggunakan air sisa tauhu sebagai medium pertumbuhan dan menilai kesan reaksi asid salisilik (SA) sebagai pengelisit. Tiga kepekatan SA (0, 20 dan 200 µM) telah diuji. Kadar pertumbuhan (0.66 d⁻¹), hasil biojisim (1.33 g L⁻¹), produktiviti biojisim (0.14 g L⁻¹ d⁻¹) dan kandungan klorofil-a (7.03 mg L⁻¹) adalah tertinggi selepas menambah 20 µM SA. Rawatan ini juga memperoleh kandungan astaxantin tertinggi (0.11 mg g⁻¹ biojisim kering) dengan peningkatan 1.88 kali ganda berbanding kawalan. Kepekatan SA yang lebih tinggi (200 µM) tidak meningkatkan lagi pengumpulan biojisim atau astaxantin. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa SA sederhana akan meningkatkan pengeluaran astaxantin dalam kultur mikroalga campuran. Selain itu, penggunaan air sisa tauhu membentuk satu cara lestari untuk memanfaatkan sisa bio dan adalah kos efektif untuk menjalankan penanaman berskala besar. Secara keseluruhan, strategi ini adalah pendekatan yang berpotensi untuk membangunkan astaxantin semula jadi di bawah penanaman terbuka.
Kata kunci: Air sisa tauhu; asid salisilik;
kultur campuran; kolam palung terbuka; Spirulina
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*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat;
email: taufik@itb.ac.id
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